Python and R as tools of data analysis and building psychological experiments
R statistical programming related stuff
In this post, we will learn how make scatter plots using R and the package ggplot2.
More specifically, we will learn how to make scatter plots, change the size of the dots, change the markers, the colors, and change the number of ticks.
Furthermore, we will learn how to plot a trend line, add text, plot a distribution on a scatter plot, among other things. In the final section of the scatter plot in R tutorial, we will learn how to save plots in high resolution.
In this tutorial, we will learn how to work with Excel files in R statistical programming environment. It will provide an overview of how to use R to load xlsx files and write spreadsheets to Excel.
In a previous post, we learned how to use Binder and Python for reproducible research. Now we are going to learn how to create a Binder for our data analysis in R, so it can be fully reproduced by other researchers. More specifically, in this post we will learn how to use Binder for reproducible research.
Many researchers upload their code for data analysis and visualization using git (e.g., to GitHub, Gitlab).
No doubt, uploading your R scripts is great. However, we also need to make sure that we share the complete computational environment so that our code can be re-run and so that others can reproduce the results. That is, to have a fully reproducible example, we need a way to capture the different versions of the R packages we were using, at that particular time.
In this post we will learn how to carry out repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in R and Python. To be specific, we will use the R package afex and the Python package pingouin to carry out one-way and two-way ANOVA f or within subject’s design. The structure of the following data analysis tutorial is as follows; a brief introduction to (repeated measures) ANOVA, carrying out within-subjects ANOVA in R using afex and in Python using pingouin. In the end, there will be a comparison of the results and the pros and cons using R or Python for data analysis (i.e., ANOVA).
Good resources for learning R as a Psychologist are hard to find. By that I mean that there are so many great sites and blogs around the internet to learn R. Thus, it may be hard to find learning resources that targets Psychology researchers.
Recently I wrote about four good R books targeted for Psychology students and researchers (i.e., R books for Psychologists). There are, however, of course other good resources for Psychological researchers to learn R programming.
Therefore, this post will list some of the best blogs and sites to learn R. The post will be divided into two categories; general and Psychology focused R sites and blogs. For those who are not familiar with R I will start with a brief introduction on what R is (if you know R already; click here to skip to the links).
If you are new to R you might wonder what R is? R is a free and open source programming language and environment. Data analysis in R is carried out by writing scripts and functions. Finally, R is a complete, interactive, and object-oriented language.
In R statistical environment, you are able to carry out a variety of statistical and graphical techniques. For instance, linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, and many more can be carried using both frequentist and Bayesian paradigms.
If you are new to R, you may want to start with R commander. This will provide you with a menu making the process of learning R a bit easier at the beginning. R can be downloaded here: The Comprehensive R Archive Network.
One of the main things that I like with R is the broad and helpful community. This also means that there are many good resources for learning the language.
R is a free and open-source statistical programming environment. Being open-source and free it has a large and helpful online community (for instance, see StackOverflow). When I went from carrying out analysis in SPSS to do them in R, I searched for good books targeted to Psychologists. The following 4 R books are useful and good for Psychologists that want to learn R.
The first book, Discovering Statistics Using R, may be a really good start if you are an undergraduate and have no experience of programming or statistics. The next two books are from intermediate to advanced level. The last book is, at the moment, free and is also a great introduction to statistics.
Do you also find it time-consuming to make your manuscripts follow American Psychological Associations (APA) guidelines? Have you searched the internet for a good .docx/.doc APA template? After reading this post, you might not have to search any more. is an r-package that makes your manuscript conform to APA guidelines! In this post I am briefly going to describe the package and what I think of it.
This post is my first on R and it will describe a method on how to reverse scores using R.
Many instruments (i.e., questionnaires) contain items are phrased so that a strong agreement indicates something negative (e.g., “When there is music in the room I find it hard to concentrate on reading”). These items need to be reversed so that the data will be correct later for statistical analysis.
For more information on reverse scoring, please see my earlier post: Reverse scoring in Python. Since I was more familiar with Python compared to R, and I had no a clue on how to do this in SPSS, I wrote a Python script. The Python script used a function that used Pandas DataFrame and it reversed the scores nice and quickly.
